tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-188988512024-03-07T00:31:50.669-08:00Will's Nanotechnology BlogWe are approaching the day when we can design and fabricate atomically precise complex machines with electrical circuits and moving mechanical parts. Doing this can bring significant improvements in the quality and length of human life, and will revolutionize science, medicine, manufacturing, and economics.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.comBlogger46125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-9260578269590537722015-01-23T07:12:00.000-08:002015-01-23T07:25:11.380-08:00Scanning Probe Microscopy for the rest of us<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Some years ago in an earlier post, I mentioned that somebody had <a href="http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2304.php">3d-printed some parts</a> for a scanning probe microscope. The bulk of their work has now been lost to the sands of the Great 404 Desert, but some more recent projects are much more promising.<br />
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One is an effort from Academia Sinica in Taiwan, described in detail on <a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/A-Low-Cost-Atomic-Force-Microscope-%E4%BD%8E%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1/?ALLSTEPS">Instructables.com</a>, using <a href="http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/33346">movements from DVD player</a>s. When a project can borrow a mass-market part like this, the result is often surprisingly affordable.<br />
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Another <a href="http://lego2nano.openwisdomlab.net/Building.html">project</a> from the <a href="http://www.instituteofmaking.org.uk/research/lego2nano">Lego2Nano</a> folks in London involves Lego bricks.<br />
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<a href="http://mcise.uri.edu/park/MNEL/legoafm/">Another project</a> from the University of Rhode Island is a Lego model illustrating the mechanical principles of probe microscopy. As far as I can determine this project is not a real microscope.<br />
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A company in Luxembourg is selling a <a href="http://www.schaefer-tec.com/en/schweiz/products/scanning-probe-microscopy/lego-afm.html">Lego SPM kit</a> for 2950 euros. It's possible this is a commercialized version of the Lego2Nano microscope.<br />
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Some more advanced efforts include <a href="http://www.media.mit.edu/nanoscale/courses/AFMsite/optics.html">this instructional probe microscope</a> designed at the MIT Media Lab, and this <a href="http://www.jameshedberg.com/docs/JHedbergPhDThesis.pdf">PhD thesis</a> from McGill University in Montreal.</div>
Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-92159370233268638012009-02-11T07:50:00.000-08:002009-02-11T08:17:54.276-08:00Dr. Drexler's blog<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://nanoengineer-1.com/content/images/stories/gallery/machinery_filmstrip.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: left; cursor: pointer; width: 394px; height: 79px;" src="http://nanoengineer-1.com/content/images/stories/gallery/machinery_filmstrip.png" alt="" border="0" /></a>Dr. Eric Drexler founded the field of advanced nanotechnology with a <a href="http://www.imm.org/publications/pnas/">1981 paper</a> in the <cite>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</cite>, and his book <a href="http://e-drexler.com/p/06/00/EOC_Cover.html"><cite>Engines of Creation</cite></a> published in 1986. These two publications laid the intellectual foundation for a complete revision of human manufacturing technology. Like any major shift in technology, there are risks to be aware of, but the promise of advanced nanotechnology is vast: clean cheap manufacturing processes for just about anything you can imagine, products that seem nearly magical by today's standards, medical instruments and treatments far more advanced than today's medicine.<br /><br />Dr. Drexler has continued to work in the field for over twenty years, promoting research into developmental pathways and awareness of the potential risks. His thoughts on nanotechnology (and technology in general) are unique. With the publication of his <a href="http://metamodern.com/"><cite>Metamodern</cite></a> blog, these are now publicly available. His postings cover a broad range of topics, ranging from the books he's been reading lately to common and misleading errors in molecular animations to his most recent observations and insights on developmental pathways to advanced technologies.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-37875427901546052942008-12-29T14:26:00.000-08:002008-12-29T14:40:28.778-08:00Graphene memory device at Rice UniversityJames Tour and colleagues at Rice University have <a href="http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=11823&SnID=1934660019">demonstrated</a> a switch (<a href="http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n12/abs/nmat2331.html">described</a> in Nature Materials) composed of a layer of graphite about ten atoms thick. An array of such switches can be built in three dimensions, offering very high densities of storage volume, far exceeding what we now see in hard disks and flash memory USB widgets. The switch has been tested over 20,000 switching cycles with no apparent degradation. The abstract of the Nature Materials article reads:<blockquote>Transistors are the basis for electronic switching and memory devices as they exhibit extreme reliabilities with on/off ratios of 10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>5</sup>, and billions of these three-terminal devices can be fabricated on single planar substrates. On the other hand, two-terminal devices coupled with a nonlinear current–voltage response can be considered as alternatives provided they have large and reliable on/off ratios and that they can be fabricated on a large scale using conventional or easily accessible methods. Here, we report that two-terminal devices consisting of discontinuous 5–10 nm thin films of graphitic sheets grown by chemical vapour deposition on either nanowires or atop planar silicon oxide exhibit enormous and sharp room-temperature bistable current–voltage behaviour possessing stable, rewritable, non-volatile and non-destructive read memories with on/off ratios of up to 10<sup>7</sup> and switching times of up to 1 μs (tested limit). A nanoelectromechanical mechanism is proposed for the unusually pronounced switching behaviour in the devices.</blockquote>It will be several years before memories based on these switches are available for laptops and desktops, but it's a cool thing. To my knowledge, the mechanism is not yet known, so there may be some interesting new science involved as well.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-41322100366793092912008-12-23T15:29:00.001-08:002008-12-24T21:59:34.887-08:00Encouraging news about mechanosynthesisYesterday there was a very encouraging <a href="http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/2008/12/nanos-big-kick-coming-soon.html">posting</a> (by guest blogger <a href="http://www.islandone.org/MMSG/ttf/tihamer.htm">Tihamer Toth-Fejel</a>) on the <a href="http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/">Responsible Nanotechnology blog</a>, regarding recent goings-on with mechanosynthesis. What the heck is mechanosynthesis? It is the idea that we will build molecules by putting atoms specifically where we want, rather than leaving them adrift in a sea of Brownian motion and random diffusion. Maybe not atoms per se, maybe instead small molecules or bits of molecules (a CH<sub>3</sub> group here, an OH group there) with the result that we will build the molecules we really want, with little or no waste. The precise details about how we will do this are up for a certain amount of debate. We used to talk about assemblers, now we talk about nanofactories, but the idea of intentional design and manufacture of specific molecules remains.<br /><br />The two items of real interest in the CRN blog posting are these.<br /><br />First, Philip Moriarty, a scientist in the UK, has secured a healthy chunk of funding to do experimental work to validate the theoretical work done by Ralph Merkle and Rob Freitas in designing tooltips and processes for carbon-hydrogen mechanosynthesis, with the goal of being able to fabricate bits of diamondoid that have been specified at an atomic level. If all goes well, writes Toth-Fejel:<br /><blockquote>Four years from now, the Zyvex-led DARPA Tip-Based Nanofabrication project expects to be able to put down about ten million atoms per hour in atomically perfect nanostructures, though only in silicon (additional elements will undoubtedly follow; probably taking six months each).</blockquote>Second is that people are now starting to use <a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=04433024">small machines</a> to build other small machines, and to do so at interesting throughputs. <a href="http://www.smalltimes.com/display_article/281844/109/ARTCL/none/none/1/Mirkin-group-unveils-55k-pen-DPN-array">An article</a> at <a href="http://www.smalltimes.com/home.cfm">Small Times</a> reports:<br /><blockquote>Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) uses atomic force microscope (AFM) tips as pens and dips them into inks containing anything from DNA to semiconductors. The new array from Chad Mirkin’s group at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., has 55,000 pens - far more than the previous largest array, which had 250 pens.</blockquote>So there are two take-home messages here. First, researchers are getting ready to work with the large numbers of atoms needed to build anything of reasonable size in a reasonable amount of time. Second, this stuff is actually happening rather than remaining a point of academic discussion.<br /><br />Toth-Fejel writes: <blockquote>What happens when we use probe-based nanofabrication to build more probes? ...What happens when productive nanosystems get built, and are used to build better productive nanosystems? The exponential increase in atomically precise manufacturing capability will make Moore’s law look like it’s standing still.</blockquote>Interesting stuff.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-83314331673873011022008-12-05T15:36:00.000-08:002008-12-05T20:56:55.842-08:00Adventures in protein engineering<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein">Proteins</a> are a good material to consider for an early form of rationally designed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>. They are cheap and easy to manufacture, thoroughly studied, and they can do a lot of different things. Proteins are responsible for the construction of all the structures in your body, the trees outside your window, and most of your breakfast.<br /><br />Why don't we already have a busy protein-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing">manufacturing base</a>? Because the necessary technologies have arisen only in the last couple of decades, and because older technologies already have a solid hold on the various markets that might otherwise be interested in protein-based manufacturing. Finally, most researchers working with proteins aren't thinking about creating a new manufacturing base. But people in the nanotech community are <a href="http://metamodern.com/2008/11/10/modular-molecular-composite-nanosystems/">thinking</a> about it.<br /><br />One of the classical scientific problems involving proteins is the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding">protein folding</a> problem". Every protein is a sequence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid">amino acids</a>. There are 20 different amino acids, which are strung together by a ribosome to create the protein. As the amino acids are strung together, the protein starts folding up into a compact structure. The "problem" with folding is that for any possible sequence of amino acids, it's not always possible to predict how it will fold up, or even whether it will always fold up <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion">the same way each time</a>.<br /><br />But maybe you don't need a solution for all possible sequences. Maybe you can limit yourself to just the sequences that are easy to predict. People have been studying proteins for a long time and it's easy to put together a much shorter list of proteins whose foldings are known. Discard any proteins that sometimes fold differently, to arrive at a subset of proteins whose foldings are well known and reliable.<br /><br />The next issue is extensibility. Having identified a set of proteins whose foldings are easily predictable, would it be possible to use that knowledge to predict the foldings of larger novel amino acid sequences? A trivial analogy would be that if I know how to pronounce "ham" and I know how to pronounce "burger", then I should should know how to pronounce "hamburger". A better analogy would be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego">Lego bricks</a> or an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erector_Set">Erector</a> set, where a small alphabet of basic units can be used to construct a vast diversity of larger structures.<br /><br />If we can build a large diversity of big proteins and predict their foldings correctly, we're on to something. Then we can design things with parts that move in predictable ways. Some proteins (like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin">keratin</a> in your fingernails or a horse's hooves) have a good deal of rigidity, and we can think about designing with gears, cams, transmissions, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mechanical_engineering">other such stuff</a>.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-21201182679325116072008-05-06T19:43:00.000-07:002008-05-06T19:57:55.315-07:00More developments in cancer treatment<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/files/11438/cancer_nanoparticle_R2_x220.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 173px; height: 196px;" src="http://www.technologyreview.com/files/11438/cancer_nanoparticle_R2_x220.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>Here are some more new cancer therapies under development. Many of these involve some flavor of nanoparticle (a fancy word for a molecule), and a few involve nanomachines (a molecule that does something more interesting than just sitting there).<ul><li><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/Nanotech/18999/">http://www.technologyreview.com/Nanotech/18999/</a> -- The new nanoengineered system, designed by physician and researcher <a href="http://nano.med.umich.edu/members/baker.html" target="_blank">James Baker</a> and his colleagues at the University of Michigan, contains gold nanoparticles with branching polymers called dendrimers that sprout off the nanoparticle's surface. The particles could be used to launch a multiprong attack against tumors. The dendrimer arms can carry a number of different molecules, including molecules that target cancer cells, fluorescent imaging agents, and drugs that slow down or kill the cells. Once enough of the nanoparticles have gathered inside cancer cells, researchers could kill the tumors by using lasers or infrared light to heat up the gold nestled inside the dendrimers.</li><li><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/NanoTech/wtr_16690,319,p1.html">http://www.technologyreview.com/NanoTech/wtr_16690,319,p1.html</a> -- A single treatment of drug-bearing nanoparticles effectively destroys prostate cancer tumors in mice ...the researchers mix together a prostate cancer drug (docetaxel) and polymers that are already FDA-approved... The polymer formed spheres with the drugs trapped within. The researchers then chemically attach pieces of RNA, called aptamers, to the surface of the spheres. The RNA folds into shapes that fit into complementary structures on the surface of prostate-cancer cells... [In placebo groups] almost all the mice died during the experiment. In contrast, all of the mice injected with the targeted nanoparticles survived, and in most cases (five out of seven) the tumors disappeared.<br /></li><li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b800528a">http://www.rsc.org/publishing/journals/CC/article.asp?doi=b800528a</a> -- We present experimental data that demonstrate the potential of synthetic crown ether modified peptide nanostructures to act as selective and efficient chemotherapeutic agents that operate by attacking and destroying cell membranes.<br /></li><li><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uoc--urd033108.php">http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uoc--urd033108.php</a> -- Researchers from the Nano Machine Center at the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA have developed a novel type of nanomachine that can capture and store anticancer drugs inside tiny pores and release them into cancer cells in response to light... the device is the first light-powered nanomachine that operates inside a living cell... [reported on] March 31 in the online edition of the nanoscience journal Small.<br /></li><li><a href="http://mednews.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/11449.html">http://mednews.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/11449.html</a> -- The nanoparticles are extremely tiny beads of an inert, oily compound that can be coated with a wide variety of active substances. In an article published online in The FASEB Journal, the researchers describe a significant reduction of tumor growth in rabbits that were treated with nanoparticles coated with a fungal toxin called fumagillin. Human clinical trials have shown that fumagillin can be an effective cancer treatment in combination with other anticancer drugs... the nanoparticles' surfaces held molecules designed to stick to proteins found primarily on the cells of growing blood vessels. So the nanoparticles latched on to sites of blood vessel proliferation and released their fumagillin load into blood vessel cells. Fumagillin blocks multiplication of blood vessel cells, so it inhibited tumors from expanding their blood supply and slowed their growth.<br /></li><li><a href="http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/2008/feb/nanotech_news_2008-02-15c.asp">http://nano.cancer.gov/news_center/2008/feb/nanotech_news_2008-02-15c.asp</a> -- ...Regulators and drug developers are concerned that these delivery systems may prove difficult to manufacture on a consistent basis... A new study from James Baker, Jr., M.D., PI, Cancer Nanotechnology Platform Partnership at the University of Michigan, and colleagues provides data showing that such concerns can be overcome... the investigators present the results of studies designed to show that they could achieve consistent and specific targeting and cell-killing activity across multiple manufacturing batches of a dendrimer-based therapeutic agent.<br /></li><li><a href="http://www.physorg.com/news82653370.html">http://www.physorg.com/news82653370.html</a> -- A team of investigators has designed a nanoscale, polymeric drug delivery vehicle that when loaded with a widely used anticancer agent cures colon cancer in mice with a single dose... To create their drug delivery vehicle, the investigators used a highly branched polymer, known as a dendrimer, that naturally forms nanoparticles with myriad sites for drug loading. In this particular case, the researchers created what they call a bow-tie polyester dendrimer, whose molecular structure somewhat resembles a bow-tie with two discrete halves... On one half of the dendrimer, the researchers attached a second polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), in order to make the dendrimer water soluble... Next, the investigators attached the anticancer drug doxorubicin to the other half of the dendrimer using a chemical linkage designed to break when exposed to acidic conditions. Not coincidentally, the inside of tumor cells is acidic, while the bloodstream has a neutral pH. Results presented in this paper show that the resulting drug-dendrimer formulation releases virtually all of its drug within 48 hours in acidic conditions but less than 10 percent of its payload at neutral pH.</li><li><a href="http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=4087">http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=4087</a> -- A new type of cancer detector... the simple and inexpensive system, which can be built from off-the-shelf components, can rapidly detect the presence of cancer biomarkers – telltale proteins in body fluids that can signal the presence of malignant tumors – at very low levels... “With this technology, a future scenario might be that you go to the doctor every year for an annual checkup; he draws about 10 cc’s of your blood and runs it through our machine,” said Soman. “The machine is equipped to detect the biomarkers for all the common types of cancer. Half an hour later it produces a list of the biomarkers that it has found. And then either a software program or the physician examines this list to determine whether you have any cancers that need treating.”<br /></li><li><a href="http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=4703">http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=4703</a> -- There is a growing recognition among cancer researchers that the most accurate methods for detecting early-stage cancer will require the development of sensitive assays that can identify simultaneously multiple biomarkers associated with malignant cells. Now, using sets of nanoparticles designed to aggregate in response to finding more cancer biomarkers, a team of researchers funded by the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer has developed a multiplexed analytical system that could detect cancer using standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<br /></li><li><a href="http://www.forbes.com/claytonchristensen/2008/02/22/cancer-nanotechnology-therapies-lead-clayton-in_jw_0222claytonchristensen_inl.html">http://www.forbes.com/claytonchristensen/2008/02/22/cancer-nanotechnology-therapies-lead-clayton-in_jw_0222claytonchristensen_inl.html</a> -- A survey of several different developments, but not much deep discussion of any of them. More of a businessman's-eye view of things, not too surprising for Forbes.<br /></li></ul>Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-45926242589130070382008-04-27T06:22:00.000-07:002008-05-01T09:11:16.921-07:00TAT variant with magnetic particles<img style="width: 264px; height: 199px;" src="http://www.endomagnetics.com/images/SentiMAG_clinical.jpg" align="right" />My <a href="http://wills-nanotech.blogspot.com/2008/04/targeted-alpha-therapy.html">last posting about targeted alpha therapy</a> discussed the expense of preparing a sample of radioactive actinium, aside from which, targeted alpha therapy should be a very effective and specific and hopefully affordable cancer therapy. <a href="http://www.london-nano.com/content/lcndirectory/quentin/">Quentin Pankhurst</a> of the <a href="http://www.london-nano.com/">London Centre for Nanotechnology</a> has been working with particles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_oxide">iron oxide</a>, which has very low toxicity and can be attached to antibodies just like the actinium atoms in cages. Iron oxide can be magnetized so each particle can be a permanent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet">magnet</a>. A magnetized particle can then be detected from outside the body using a weak <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation">EM field</a> generated by a hand-held device, or it can be heated with a strong EM field, to the point of destroying the cancer cell .<br /><br />By combining the iron oxide particle with an antibody for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HER2/neu">HER2</a> protein found in breast cancer cells, Pankhurst should be able to achieve the same specificity and effectiveness that Sloan-Kettering has gotten with radioactive actinium, at vastly lesser cost. In order to commercialize this and related applications, Pankhurst has founded <a href="http://www.endomagnetics.com/">Endomagnetics</a>, a start-up based in Houston, Texas.<br /><br />Why should iron oxide be so much less expensive than radioactive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium">actinium</a>? "Iron oxide" is the chemical name for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust">rusty metal</a>, which is easy to make and store, and readily available in auto scrap yards everywhere. Actinium-225, the isotope used for TAT, has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life">half-life</a> of ten days, so you can't make a big batch and store some for later use. According to <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/nuclear_science_technology/nu_med/programd.htm">this website</a> at the <a href="http://www.ornl.gov/">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>: "<span style="font-style: italic;font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >The actinium-225 is formed from radioactive decay of radium-225, the decay product of thorium-229, which is obtained from decay of uranium-233.<span style=""> </span>The National depository of uranium-233 is at ORNL, and we have developed effective methods for obtaining thorium-229 (half-life 7340 years) as our feed material to routinely obtain actinium-225.</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:times new roman;">"</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;"></span></span>Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-3385247471427298662008-04-21T12:10:00.000-07:002008-04-27T06:50:07.158-07:00Targeted alpha therapyThis is something I read about in 2001, and it still seems to be one of the most promising ideas in cancer therapy. The treatment involves two molecular objects bound together. One is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody">antibody</a> that gets taken into a cancer cell. The other is a radioactive actinium-255 atom which has a ten-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life">half-life</a>, and then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay">decays</a> through a few different products, releasing four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle">alpha particles</a>, which rip through the cancer cell and kill it. Luckily alpha particles have only enough energy to destroy one cell, and then they run out of steam and become inert helium nuclei.<br /><br />At Sloan-Kettering where this work was done, they applied for a <a href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6683162.html">patent</a>. A <a href="http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/4/1233">clinical trial</a> was conducted in 2002 with favorable results. There have also been some clinical trials in Australia, I believe.<br /><br />As far as I am aware, this is a fantastic treatment, due to its being extremely specific, and is applicable to a wide range of cancers, but it's not used much. I would imagine the actinium-255 must be prepared through some process that would probably be very expensive. It would be great if some more affordable alternative could be found. It seems to me that were advanced nanotech available today, some suitable replacement for the radioactive actinium nucleus might be possible.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-54045242994387489222008-04-21T09:29:00.001-07:002008-11-13T14:32:37.888-08:00Nifty stuff over at Machine Phase blog<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSNJq0AZYSMTy9uI6L9gvrm8QnjeCpbhO3o4pmQy1KqJcyWLgLpIJ35OOPWIdN5H-C0-Fn-6w9W70K4UU5T6wK1Ty-UWw4xNPttqn6NUEoqcT2lt1dl5OtaqdtUFv3-ccIMCa/s320/dna_and_carbon_buckyball.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 234px; height: 229px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjSNJq0AZYSMTy9uI6L9gvrm8QnjeCpbhO3o4pmQy1KqJcyWLgLpIJ35OOPWIdN5H-C0-Fn-6w9W70K4UU5T6wK1Ty-UWw4xNPttqn6NUEoqcT2lt1dl5OtaqdtUFv3-ccIMCa/s320/dna_and_carbon_buckyball.png" alt="" border="0" /></a>A couple of interesting things from Tom Moore's <a href="http://machine-phase.blogspot.com/">Machine Phase</a> blog. One is a <a href="http://machine-phase.blogspot.com/2008/04/dna-and-carbon-buckyball-for-comparison.html">comparison</a> between a carbon buckyball and a geometrically similar structure made from DNA using (what appears to be) Paul Rothemund's <a href="http://www.dna.caltech.edu/%7Epwkr/">DNA origami</a> technique. Note the teeny dot in the middle, that's the carbon buckytube.<br /><br />The other is very interesting because it combines nanotech with my interest in <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/">3d printers</a> in an unexpected way. Specifically it's about using a 3d printer to <a href="http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2304.php">print parts</a> for an atomic-force microscope, using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering">selective laser sintering</a>. These microscopes typically cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. Hopefully this approach will make them much more affordable for universities, and perhaps high schools and even individual hobbyists.<br /><img style="width: 197px; height: 147px;" src="http://will.ware.googlepages.com/id2304_1.jpg" /> <img style="width: 193px; height: 146px;" src="http://will.ware.googlepages.com/id2304_2.jpg" /><br />The white plastic pieces were the things printed with the 3d printer. I always thought of SLS as something done with metal, but I guess it works with plastic too.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-71589011660190291652008-03-13T07:36:00.000-07:002008-03-13T08:48:37.806-07:00Nanotube radio antenna work at U.C. Berkeley<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/files/14609/0308-Nanoradio_x600.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 251px; height: 285px;" src="http://www.technologyreview.com/files/14609/0308-Nanoradio_x600.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><a href="http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/">Alex Zettl</a> at the <a href="http://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California at Berkeley</a> has <a href="http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/projects/nanoradio/radio.html">invented</a> an interesting radio antenna made from a single conductive carbon nanotube (less than a micron long and ten nanometers wide) positioned between two conductive plates. He has used the antenna to receive songs transmitted by radio, and has <a href="http://physics.berkeley.edu/research/zettl/projects/nanoradio/Media/nanoradio-good%20vibrations.mov">posted the results</a> for your listening pleasure. There is a gap between one plate and a free end of the nanotube, across which electrons tunnel. When a voltage is placed across the two plates, the nanotube's free end becomes electrically charged oppositely from the nearby plate, and the electrostatic attraction keeps the nanotube under mechanical tension.<br /><br />The nanotube's electrically charged free end moves in response to an ambient radio frequency electric field. This changes the gap size, and therefore the measured tunneling current across the gap, just as with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a>. The resonant frequency of the antenna is simply the mechanical resonant frequency of the nanotube under tension. The tension can be changed by changing the voltage across the two conducting plates, and in this way the radio can be tuned. The bandwidth of the antenna is determined by the nanotube's stiffness, and (I think) would depend primarily on the length of the nanotube. The space between the two plates should be a vacuum so the nanotube can move freely, and so that Brownian motion does not detune the radio.<br /><br />The value of a radio antenna this size is that one can communicate with and control nanorobots, for instance in the human body. One could use these nanorobots for diagnostics, reading out blood chemistry or information about various kinds of cell damage, and could send them instructions to intervene.<br /><br />There are lots of interesting things happening in the area of nanofabrication, such as Andrew Turberfield's tetrahedra discussed in the previous posting. Presently such things are "controlled" by adding solutions of different DNA sequences to the liquid the structure is sitting in, and the new sequence interacts mechanically with the structure to alter it, by binding selectively with some part of the structure already in place. But each step takes tens of minutes as molecules diffuse through water and position themselves to bind correctly. A signal received by a radio antenna might make things happen much quicker.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-88546699627254435782008-02-22T09:28:00.000-08:002008-02-22T09:59:29.170-08:00Too-brief overview of DNA nanotechnology<img src="http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/cube.gif" alt="cube.gif" width=300 align=right>A lot of interesting work has been done with DNA nanotechnology, much of it starting with <a href="http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/Nanotech.html">Nadrian Seeman's work</a> on DNA polyhedra in the mid-90s (<a href="http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/nano-cube.html">1</a>, <a href="http://seemanlab4.chem.nyu.edu/nano-oct.html">2</a>).<br /><br />Around 2000, <a href="http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/cm/people/turberfield.htm">Andrew Turberfield</a> (Oxford University's Department of Physics) used DNA to make <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/873097.stm">tweezers</a>, with arms 7 nanometers long.<br /><blockquote>"Of course it's all very speculative," said Dr Turberfield, "but you can imagine, for instance, little factories on chips doing chemistry or simple assembly. You can think of production lines made up of little motors with different reactants being passed from one place to the next."</blockquote><img src="http://www.dna.caltech.edu/~pwkr/i/twosmileys-topo-tilted2.jpg" align=left height=150>Things got really interesting in March 2006 with <a href="http://www.dna.caltech.edu/~pwkr/">Paul Rothemund</a>'s DNA origami technique. Here is <a href="http://www.dna.caltech.edu/Papers/DNAorigami-nature.pdf">the publication</a>. I was working at Nanorex at that time, and we were all <a href="http://nanoengineer-1.com/content/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=2">quite excited</a> about it.<br /><br /><img src="http://nanoengineer-1.com/content/images/stories/gallery/sdn/dna_tetrahedron1_256.png" alt="dna_tetrahedron1_256.png" align=right />In 2005 Turberfield and colleagues described a family of DNA tetrahedra consisting of triangles of DNA helices covalently joined at the vertices to form a mechanically rigid 3D structure. This image of a reduced model of one structure, which is less than 10 nanometers on a side, was created using NanoEngineer-1 Alpha 9. The bowing of the DNA helices is pronounced in this rendering and is the result of electrostatic potential terms included in the customized molecular-mechanics-like force field developed by Dr. K. Eric Drexler specifically for DNA structures. Regarding Turberfield's work, <a href="http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn13277-remotecontrol-dna-pistons-could-power-tiny-robots.html">New Scientist</a> wrote:<blockquote>Now Andrew Turberfield [et al] have shown how carefully crafted DNA structures can be made to self assemble and change shape when sent specific DNA signals. The researchers built tetrahedrons ... using four short DNA "struts" that join at each end. The process exploits the way DNA is held together by complementary bases that form the rungs of a ladder-like structure ... the researchers made cages with two extendible struts that could be independently controlled using different DNA sequences. In theory, it should be possible to create cages in which every strut can be controlled independently, Tuberfield says.</blockquote>These cages are a combination of support material and linear motor, and with the many other DNA tricks being done, they should allow people to build large, complicated, reasonably rigid 3D structures that have controllable moving parts. So this is a very promising development.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.nanowerk.com/news/id4493.jpg" align=right>A very recent announcement of <a href="http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=4493.php">work</a> by <a href="http://chemgroups.northwestern.edu/mirkingroup/">Chad Mirkin</a> and colleagues. They have <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7178/abs/nature06508.html">found a way</a> to use DNA to glue together arbitrary arrangements of teeny gold spheres. People have known for some time now how to make DNA stick to gold spheres, and by careful selection of DNA sequences, Mirkin et al can position groups of spheres in almost any 3D configuration they want.<br /><br />In light of these developments, <a href="http://nanoengineer-1.com/content/">Nanorex</a> has narrowed its focus from "general" nanotechnology (anything one might build from common small molecules) to structural DNA nanotechnology. This is likely to be where much progress will occur in the next five years or so. I hope Nanorex will still be around after that, and will be in a good position to shift gears as we move beyond DNA to more general chemistry.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-23017726656812816012008-01-27T22:51:00.000-08:002008-02-26T11:25:34.335-08:00Videos and links, RepRap and Fab@HomeSince I've been writing a lot about fabbers lately, I've decided to start a <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/">fabber blog</a> and start migrating my fabber postings over to it, starting with this one. Fabbers are only peripherally related to advanced nanotechnology (the economics look similar) and I'd like the fabber blog to go into a level of detail that's not appropriate here.<br /><br />As far as economic similarities, a fabber looks a lot like a crude nanofactory, and raises many of the same societal concerns but in a smaller, safer way. One of the popular speculations about mature nanotechnology goes like this: (1) sufficiently advanced nanofactories will be able to make almost any desired product from materials found in nature, so (2) the price of physical goods drops to nearly zero, and then (3) money ceases to exist and we all live in a post-scarcity society free of poverty, disease, and war.<br /><br />It's an appealing simple notion, probably too simple. Even when the necessities of life are available essentially for free, humans always envy other humans and there will still be a premium to pay for things beyond the survival level. Economic demand will exist as long as we're still human, and money will too. Besides, physical goods aren't the only things we spend money on. I can imagine a robot bus driver at some future time, but a robot doctor seems a long way off, and it's hard to imagine the board of directors that will appoint the first robot CEO.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-69463088815511772182008-01-05T16:45:00.001-08:002008-01-29T11:55:47.302-08:00Brilliant RepRap video (thanks to Emeka Okafor)I've moved <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/2008/01/brilliant-reprap-video-thanks-to-emeka.html">this posting</a> over to my new <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/">Fabber blog</a>.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-22623130378949991462007-12-21T05:55:00.001-08:002008-01-29T11:56:41.423-08:003D printer in a knick-knack storeI've moved <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/2008/01/3d-printer-in-knick-knack-store.html">this posting</a> over to my new <a href="http://wills-fabber-blog.blogspot.com/">Fabber blog</a>.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-58369490988550039982007-12-20T07:12:00.000-08:002008-01-28T19:50:24.916-08:00Other great nanotech (and related) blogsI guess if I say "other great" nanotech blogs, the implication is that my blog is itself great, but many of these listed are much better than mine. The people doing them put in more work and more thought. Not all of these are relevant to long-term nanotech, but anyway here's the list.<br /><ul><li>Tom Moore's <a href="http://machine-phase.blogspot.com/">Machine Phase</a> blog -- Tom is now working for Nanorex, and doing a lot of pretty, brilliant nanomachine design work.<br /><li>Damian Allis's <a href="http://www.somewhereville.com/">Somewhereville</a> blog -- Damian is Nanorex's consulting quantum chemist, and a fascinating guy in general. He doesn't play a scientist on TV, he's an actual real scientist.<br /><li>Gina "Nanogirl" Miller's <a href="http://www.nanoindustries.com/">blog</a> needs no introduction for those who've been around nanotech discussions for a while<br /><li><a href="http://crnano.typepad.com/crnblog/">Blog</a> of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology<br /><li>Howard Lovy's <a href="http://nanobot.blogspot.com/">NanoBot blog</a><br /><li>Foresight Institute's <a href="http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/">Nanodot</a> blog<br /><li>Rocky Rawstern's <a href="http://nanoscale-materials-and-nanotechnolog.blogspot.com/">blog</a><br /><li>A <a href="http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-blogs-sites">list</a> of nanotech blogs<br /><li>An <a href="http://www.understandingnano.com/">explanatory website</a> (not a blog per se) by one of the authors of "Nanotechnology for Dummies"<br /><li>A blog about <a href="http://www.moleculartorch.com/">nanocrystals</a>, though I'm not sure what differentiates a nanocrystal from any other crystal<br /><li>The <a href="http://www.singinst.org/blog/">Singularity Institute</a> is primarily about artificial intelligence rather than nanotechnology but there is a lot of common ground.<br /><li>The IEEE has an <a href="http://blogs.spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/">automation blog</a> about present-day industrial robots.<br /><li><a href="http://www.robotsrule.com/">Another present-day robot blog</a>, this one with more of a hobbyist spin.<br /><li>Emeka Okafor's <a href="http://timbuktuchronicles.blogspot.com/">Timbuktu Chronicles blog</a> is not about nanotechnology or robotics, it's about technologies that help and empower people in developing regions of the world. When not blogging, Okafor sometimes plays <a href="http://www.nba.com/playerfile/emeka_okafor/">basketball</a>, unless it's another guy with the same name.</ul>Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-31125018391253736502007-12-11T18:44:00.001-08:002007-12-11T19:28:27.362-08:00The Roadmap Report is published!The report is now <a href="http://e-drexler.com/p/07/00/1204TechnologyRoadmap.html">available</a> in PDF format. If you are a Digg subscriber, <span style="font-style: italic;">PLEASE</span> vote up the <a href="http://digg.com/hardware/Foresight_Institute_s_2007_Nanotechnology_Roadmap/who">digg story</a> about it so it reaches the front page. Publicizing the report is a step toward a rational and benign development policy for advanced nanotechnology. I have the privilege of knowing a few of the people who've been involved with the Roadmap project, and they are the kind of people you hope will be involved: very bright, and very ethical.<br /><br />I haven't gotten far in reading the report yet myself. It's rather thick, in two sections of about 200 pages each. Don't be put off by that, as the language is quite accessible, even in the more technical second half.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-61014734730660904982007-09-11T04:18:00.000-07:002008-01-05T21:21:52.459-08:00The Roadmap conference is coming upA couple years ago, <a href="http://www.foresight.org/">Foresight</a>, <a href="http://www.battelle.org/">Battelle</a>, the <a href="http://www.sme.org/">Society of Manufacturing Engineers</a> and a few other organizations put together a project called the <a href="http://www.foresight.org/roadmaps/index.html">Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems</a>. The idea was to figure out the steps that would lead us to a world of safe and mature nanotechnology. I know some of the people involved in this effort. They've had meetings to which I've not been invited, which is appropriate because they have important work to do, and they don't want the distraction of answering questions from the idly curious.<br /><br />Their work has percolated along for about two years (that I've been aware of, probably more time before that) and finally there will be a <a href="http://www.sme.org/cgi-bin/get-event.pl?--001739-000007-020696--SME-">conference</a> where they will tell the world what they've been up to. As luck would have it, I have a schedule conflict and will be unable to attend, but there will be a CDROM of the presentations and I hope to ask around and see if I can get a copy.<br /><br />I have high hopes for the work these people have done. This is a well-organized effort by a lot of very smart people with a wide range of relevant expertise.<br /><br />The <a href="http://www.crnano.org/">Center for Responsible Nanotechnology</a> website <a href="http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htm#Competing">discusses</a> the societal risk of multiple competing nanotechnology development efforts: <blockquote>The existence of multiple programs to develop molecular manufacturing greatly increases some of the risks listed above. Each program provides a separate opportunity for the technology to be stolen or otherwise released from restriction. Each nation with an independent program is potentially a separate player in a nanotech arms race. The reduced opportunity for control may make restrictions harder to enforce, but this may lead to greater efforts to impose harsher restrictions. Reduced control also makes it less likely that a non-disruptive economic solution can develop.</blockquote> A unified effort like the Technology Roadmap initiative represents a safeguard against these very realistic concerns.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-87703682502737017242007-06-28T09:21:00.000-07:002007-12-11T19:31:38.291-08:00Aubrey de Grey's tech talk at GoogleThis is one of those brilliant things like <a href="http://www.craphound.com/down/">Cory Doctorow's writing</a> that gives you REAL HOPE that the future will be a good and happy place, and that you might have a chance of making it to that point. Aubrey de Grey has been studying gerontology (the science of ageing) at Cambridge University and he proposes that with some science and engineering smarts, we can make huge progress toward extended lifetimes in the time left to even old farts like me (not quite 50 yet).<br /><br /><embed style="width: 400px; height: 326px;" id="VideoPlayback" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=8554766938711591377&hl=en" flashvars=""></embed>As I think about the benefits that I personally would like to get from nanotechnology, I think life extension is a big thing. Of course we'll have ever more powerful computers and capable robots and flying cars and all those nifty toys, and they'll all be very inexpensive, but I really want a lot more time to enjoy everything. And as my parents get older, I'd love to be able to offer that to them as well, though even by de Grey's very optimistic estimates, they're too old to benefit much.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1167422222371789672006-12-29T11:57:00.000-08:002007-03-07T08:13:31.962-08:00More fabrication techniquesIn the late 1990s, Tom Knight at MIT worked on something he called microbial engineering, the intentional redesign of simple (prokaryotic) bacteria, which has resulted in MIT's <a href="http://parts.mit.edu/registry/index.php/Main_Page">Biological Parts Project</a>. The idea is to identify re-usable components that can be included in rationally designed microorganisms to perform various functions.<br /><br />This idea is not without precedent: in 1978, Genentech re-engineered E. coli bacteria to produce inexpensive human insulin, vital to the survival of diabetes patients. Previously insulin had been extracted from ground-up organs of farm animals at considerably greater expense. The 1978 work did not have access to a catalog of biological parts or many of the techniques and other knowledge infrastructure that will grow up around the MIT work.<br /><br />In an <a href="http://wills-nanotech.blogspot.com/2005/11/steps-along-way.html">earlier posting</a> I described some <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/joceah/2005/70/i22/abs/jo051639u.html">very interesting work</a> being done by Christian Schafmeister, who is assembling monomer chains to create structures with specific, controllable, and reasonably rigid shapes. He is developing a collection of 15 or 20 monomers, and perhaps that number will grow over time, which can be strung together using synthetic chemistry techniques. Schafmeister has <a href="http://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=136B596B-E7F2-99DF-3311556E193D9110">an article</a> in this month's Scientific American.<br /><br />DNA origami exploits the very selective self-stickiness of DNA. It is likely that DNA (which can be created in any desired sequence) will become a very flexible framework on which to position molecules. Proteins can also be engineered, provided we can predict how they will fold, and this should be a solvable problem if we restrict ourselves to a subset of well-understood proteins. Many proteins like to cling to DNA at very specific locations. A combined approach using a DNA scaffolding, with attached proteins to provide local functionality, could yield very interesting results.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1165496717895152232006-12-07T05:04:00.000-08:002007-09-11T04:55:09.857-07:00Molecular dynamics simulation of small bearing design<embed style="width: 400px; height: 326px;" id="VideoPlayback" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=4537373229618869344&hl=en" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" scale="noScale" salign="TL" flashvars="playerMode=embedded" align="middle"></embed><br /><br />This video was created using the simulation facilities of NanoEngineer-1 (see http://www.nanoengineer-1.com), together with open-source animation tools like Pov-RAY, ImageMagick, and mpeg2encode. This is a simulation of the molecular bearing design on page 298 of "Nanosystems" by Eric Drexler. When viewed at 0.15 picoseconds per second of animation, thermal motion of atoms (particularly hydrogens) is visible. At 0.6 picoseconds per second, thermally excited mechanical resonances of the entire structure are seen. At 6 picoseconds per second, the rotation of the shaft (one rotation every 200 psecs) becomes apparent.<br /><blockquote>Update: On more careful analysis we discovered that the temperature is incorrectly represented in this video. The atoms should shake more violently to represent an ambient temperature of 300 Kelvin (ordinary room temperature). The vibrations you see in the video correspond to about 70 Kelving (very chilly). In spite of the more violent thermal vibrations, the structure remains chemically stable and mechanically workable at room temperature.</blockquote>Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1161957065177585162006-10-27T06:51:00.000-07:002006-10-27T06:51:06.920-07:00Nature article on molecular motorsA <a href="http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v1/n1/full/nnano.2006.45.html">Nature article</a> on molecular motors found in biology. I'm not sure of the date, I found this on the <a href="http://advancednano.blogspot.com/">Advanced Nanotechnology Blog</a> maintained by <a href="http://www.blogger.com/profile/6473096">Brian Wang</a>.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1154622870983882982006-08-03T09:34:00.000-07:002007-12-26T19:40:20.060-08:00Automated designDesign is a search problem. A product or machine has some kind of specification or instructions, and you want to find the best possible specification to suit some purpose. The space of all possible specifications is usually too large to be searched exhaustively. The usual response to this is to exercise human cleverness - what the inventor in the garage does. An alternative is to search the design space using computer algorithms.<object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/BfY4jRtcE4c&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/BfY4jRtcE4c&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Why would you do that? Isn't it fun to invent stuff? It is, but the stuff we invent these days is getting so complicated that sometimes human cleverness might not suffice to solve a design challenge. Nanotech stuff will be orders of magnitude more complicated than anything we can make today. So it's good to take a look at this approach.<br /><br />Automated design is the application of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_optimization">global optimization</a> to design problems using techniques like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_annealing">simulated annealing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm">genetic algorithms</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization">ant colony optimization</a> to generate candidate problem solutions, and computer simulations to evaluate the fitness of the candidates. Genetic algorithms are the most widely known of these techniques. Here is a <a href="http://www.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/holland.GAIntro.htm">discussion</a> of GAs by John Holland, one of the early pioneers in the field.<br /><br />There has been a lot of research and development applying GAs to<br />engines and other machinery.<img src="http://www.ensight.com/images/zoom/HPJZHG/turbineflowanalysis2.jpg" width=344 height=271/ align=left>Here are <a href="http://www.is.doshisha.ac.jp/~tomo/paper/2004/0228_hiroyasu.pdf">two</a> <a href="http://www.ensight.com/news/convergent.html">applications</a> of GAs to optimize the design of diesel engines. Somebody else optimized a <a href="http://me.engin.umich.edu/autolab/Publications/Adobe/P2003_04.PDF">valvetrain</a>., and somebody else, an <a href="http://www.ifs.tohoku.ac.jp/edge/library/020609ppsn(kanazaki).pdf">exhaust manifold</a>. There is also work on a <a href="http://garage.cse.msu.edu/demos/index.html">flywheel</a> made of composite materials, and some work on <a href="http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~fuensm/project.html">reducing engine emissions</a> by optimizing the chemical reaction rate of the fuel. In a more nanotech-ish vein, there is some work on the <a href="http://www.ntcresearch.org/pdf-rpts/AnRp04/C04-PH02s-A4.pdf">molecular design of novel fibers and polymers</a>.<br /><br /><img src="http://www.genetic-programming.org/teracotsleft.jpg" width=170 height=300 align=right>One of the more interesting efforts in this field is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Koza">John Koza</a>'s <a href="http://www.betterhumans.com/blogs/simon/archive/2006/04/20/Invention_machine_automates_creative_process.aspx">invention machine</a>, which applies GAs to a very wide variety of design problems, and which has produced a number of new patents for designs that did not originate in human imaginations.<br /><br /><img width=194 height=233 align=leftt src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/St5-ea-long-smaller.jpg"><br /><br />NASA used genetic algorithms to <a href="http://ic.arc.nasa.gov/projects/esg/research/antenna.htm">design microwave antennas</a> for the ST5 mission to measure the Earth's magnetosphere. There is some discussion of this work on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_antenna">Wikipedia</a>.<br /><br />While genetic algorithms are the most widely known of this class of algorithms, simulated annealing has a decades-long history of success in the placing and routing of FPGAs and custom integrated circuits. Other applications for global optimization include scheduling and resource allocation.<br /><br />Random links<ul><li><a href="http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/glopt.html">http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/glopt.html</a><br /><li><a href="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GlobalOptimization.html">http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GlobalOptimization.html</a><br /><li><a href="http://www-fp.mcs.anl.gov/otc/Guide/OptWeb/">http://www-fp.mcs.anl.gov/otc/Guide/OptWeb/</a><br /><li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0262042193/104-7099118-8388712">Book on ant colony optimization</a></ul>Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1153794803468054282006-07-24T19:33:00.001-07:002006-07-24T19:42:35.833-07:00SpimesBruce Sterling gave an <a href="http://www.boingboing.net/images/blobjects.htm">interesting talk</a> at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> conference in 2004. He described two kinds of human artifacts, blobjects and spimes. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blobject">Blobjects</a> are simply artifacts that have been designed with modern CAD systems, so their shapes are more curvy and sexy than the same-functioned artifacts of past generations. Examples are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac">iMac</a> and the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle#New_Beetle">VW beetle</a>.<br /><br />The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spime">spime</a> is a different beast. It is jam-packed full of information technology. It has <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID">RFID</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> to talk to nearby computers (or maybe other spimes). It has <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System">GPS</a> so it knows where on Earth it is. It knows how to connect to the Internet. It willingly participates in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining">data mining</a> efforts by Google and other search engines and advertisers. In addition to being designed with a CAD system, it might be manufactured with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping">rapid prototyping</a> techniques such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing">3D printers</a>.<br /><br />Sterling's predictions about the spimes' use of information are cynical. They are programmed by the corporations that built them. They collect consumer demographics information about the people who buy and use them. Their first allegiance is to their manufacturer. They are smart enough that the distinction has teeth - the hand drill I bought at Sears does not change its behavior to act in Sears' best interests rather than mine.<br /><br />If spimes aren't nanotechnology, why am I writing about them in a nanotech blog? Because they shake loose my thinking about what products could be. I hadn't thought about ANY of this stuff before I read the transcript of Sterling's talk. <a href="http://www.mobiledia.com/reviews/lg/vx6000/page1.html">My cell phone</a> today has way more computing power than the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer">Apollo guidance computer</a> had. When a ballpoint pen has way more computing power than my cell phone has today, of course somebody will program it to do things like this.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1146183352988999552006-04-27T17:15:00.000-07:002006-04-27T17:52:16.453-07:00Creepy crawlies 2The gray goo scenario is not an immediate threat. Evolution of nanomachines can be prevented, and gray goo replicators can simply not be designed, as long as everybody agrees to those rules. If that were that, we could prevent the gray goo scenario forever. But not everybody will agree. Some, having loudly agreed in public, will quietly break the rules in private. But real live gray goo won't become possible very soon.<br /><br />There are lots of "interesting" lesser threats.<br /><blockquote>At the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion">Pontiac rebellion</a> in 1763, Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Amherst%2C_1st_Baron_Amherst">Jeffrey Amherst</a>, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America, wrote to Colonel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bouquet">Henry Bouquet</a>: 'Could it not be contrived to send <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox">smallpox</a> among these disaffected tribes of Indians? We must use every stratagem in our power to reduce them.' The colonel replied: 'I will try to inoculate the [Native American tribe] with some blankets that may fall in their hands, and take care not to get the disease myself.' Smallpox decimated the Native Americans, who had never been exposed to the disease before and had no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system">immunity</a>.<blockquote><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/coldwar/pox_weapon_01.shtml"><span style="font-style: italic;">Silent Weapon: Smallpox and Biological Warfare</span></a> by Colette Flight writing for <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/">bbc.co.uk/history</a><br /></blockquote></blockquote>What we can expect in the near term is biological warfare, evolving along lines similar to biological warfare today, and with similar motives. If we are interested in a future world that is benign, we can try to remove the incentives for biological warfare, so that there is as little of it as possible. This is an area where I myself can offer no particular insight. There have been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust">many</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima#Atomic_bombing">many</a> <a href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/">different</a> <a href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/">manifestations</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes">of</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery">human</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom">evil</a> in recent decades and centuries. I would like to think I could entrust politicians and diplomats to go about its prevention, but they are usually the ones who start the next one. This is a thorny problem involving culture clashes, economics, religion, and many other topics beyond the scope of this blog.<br /><br />Another possibility is to educate ourselves about the possible range of weapons, in the hopes of designing effective defenses. This is a much more technically tractable problem, and it's one of the reasons I work for <a href="http://www.nanoengineer-1.com/mambo/">Nanorex</a>. Our software can help people to explore the space of possible threats and defenses more quickly, and to create an active research literature.<br /><br />Is an active literature a good idea? Would it not be an enabler for those who wish to do harm? Should it not be suppressed or at least discouraged?<br /><br />This is like the <a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html">relinquishment</a> question. If the bad guys have an active research literature and the good guys don't, then the first bad guy attack could reduce the good guys to a state where they could never again hope to meaningfully protect themselves.<br /><br />Ideally, thoroughly effective defenses would be deployed everywhere, long before the first offensive weapons appear. I hope it goes that way. If we're not so lucky, there may turn out to be such a diversity of possible offensive weapons that "effective defenses" aren't practical.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18898851.post-1146065071475161212006-04-26T08:24:00.000-07:002006-08-03T20:20:30.953-07:00Lessons from software developmentI've been a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering">software engineer</a> for ten years now. Software engineers build and maintain very <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity">complex</a> systems, so complex that no single engineer can grasp the whole thing in all its details all at once. Coming from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering">electrical engineering</a>, I found that a humbling new experience.<br /><br />Software engineering looks a particular way, because bits are much much cheaper than transistors. Software products are generally much more complex than hardware products. So software engineering has a richer set of tools for managing complexity than hardware engineering has.<br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control">Testing</a> is hugely important. Engineers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing">test</a> products, and the more testing they do earlier, the fewer bugs they need to fix later. If you've got a system that's incomprehensibly complex, you can still understand how to test it.<br /><br />Modularity is an example of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_hiding">information hiding</a>. Designs are made up of individually comprehensible pieces or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module">modules</a>. Each piece has complexity inside and simplicity outside. The simple outside part, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface">interface</a>, determines how that piece works with its neighbors.Will Warehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00852978068817644702noreply@blogger.com0